Persuasive writing techniques: rhetorical devices explained
Use ethos, pathos, logos and devices such as the rule of three and rhetorical questions in speeches and articles, with examples.
KS3GCSEMiddle SchoolHigh SchoolAPCurriculum fit: KS3 and GCSE English Language (transactional and persuasive writing). US: Common Core ELA Reading and Writing standards (rhetoric and argument); AP English Language.
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What is it?
Persuasive writing aims to convince a reader to agree with a point of view or take action. Writers use a mix of emotional appeals, logical reasoning and credibility to win the reader over.
The classic three appeals are ethos (credibility), pathos (emotion) and logos (logic). Rhetorical devices are the tools that carry these appeals.
Key formulas and ideas
- Ethos: builds trust and credibility. Pathos: appeals to emotion. Logos: appeals to logic, facts and reasoning.
- Devices: rhetorical question, rule of three, repetition, statistics, direct address ('you'), anecdote.
- A memory aid some students use: AFOREST (Alliteration, Facts, Opinion, Rhetorical question, Emotive language, Statistics, Triplets).
- Always consider audience and purpose.
Worked examples
Example 1: Identify the device
Question: 'Faster, cheaper, better.' Name the technique.
- Three items in a list create rhythm.
- This is the rule of three.
Answer: Rule of three (triplet)
Example 2: Appeals
Question: 'Nine out of ten doctors recommend regular exercise.' Which appeal is mostly used?
- It uses a statistic and an expert source.
- This appeals to logic and credibility.
Answer: Logos, with ethos
Example 3: Improve a sentence
Question: Make 'We should recycle more' more persuasive.
- Add direct address and a rhetorical question.
- Include a fact or an emotive image.
Answer: Can we really afford to keep burying 11 million tonnes of waste each year? It is up to you.
Common mistakes
- Listing techniques without explaining their effect.
- Using only emotion and no reasoning.
- Ignoring the target audience.
- Using too many devices in one sentence.
Practice questions
Frequently asked questions
Should I use every technique?
No. A few well-chosen techniques used purposefully are more convincing than a long list used without thought.
Should I use every technique?
No. A few well-chosen techniques used purposefully are more convincing than a long list.
Related guides
Logical fallacies and how to evaluate an argument
Judge whether an argument is convincing and spot common logical fallacies such as ad hominem, straw man and false dilemma.
GCSEA-LevelHigh SchoolAPFormal letter and email writing: layout, tone and sign-off
Lay out a formal letter or email, choose the right sign-off and match your tone to your audience, with examples.
KS3GCSEMiddle SchoolHigh SchoolDescriptive writing: techniques and examples that work
Use the senses, 'show, don't tell', figurative language and varied sentences to paint a picture with words.
KS3GCSEMiddle SchoolHigh SchoolSources and review
- DfE: National curriculum in England, English programmes of study
- Common Core State Standards: English Language Arts and Literacy
Reviewed by StudyMorrow editorial review on 5 Nov 2026.